Friday, May 31, 2019

surrogate mothers Essay -- essays research papers

A Surrogate Mother is defined as an adult woman who enters into an parallelism to bear a child conceived through assisted conception for intended p arents.The couple is usually referred to as intended parents who enter into an agreement providing that they will be the parents of a child born to a surrogate through assisted conception, using an egg or sperm of at least one parent.1 RIGHT - Surrogate motherhood is a right entitled to those who are ready and able to take on the responsibility of parenthood. Surrogate mothers fills a essential human longing. Procreation is a primitive instinct, and to many people it is devastating not to be able to become parents Surrogate motherhood is a dissolvent to this age-old problem. Even in the bible, Abraham and Sarah resorted to a "surrogate mother" that produced their son Ishmael.2NEED Surrogate motherhood fills a need for infertile couples. 2.4 million infertile married American couples. It is estimated that one in six couples a re affected by some degree of infertility. Many people are marrying later and are delaying having children. after age 45, about 95% of women are unable to conceive on their own. Surrogate mothers also fill the need for non-traditional families including the gay and lesbian population as well as single heterosexuals.ISSUES OF COMMERCIAL SURROGATE MOTHERHOODAlthough remuneration might not be the main motive for surrogacy, by making compensation illegal, it may decrease the amt. of surrogates availableSome people may refer to surrogate motherhood as baby selling but surrogate mothers are not selling the child they are just providing a serviceMedical Ethics professor at University of Texas stated, Baby selling is you have a born child that is sold to another person. Here were talking about agreements made before conception has even occurred where there is no breathing child. Secondly, the genes, in the case of gestational surrogacy, are being provided by the couple that is hiring th e surrogate, thus, in a sense, it is their genetic child.-the fee paid to the surrogate mother is not for the baby it compensates her for her time and effort, initiating and carrying the pregnancy, giving birth, accepting the risks of pregnancy and childbirth (pain, depression, sleep disturbances), and possible loss of employment opportunitiesThis $$ is often times seen as a have to r... ...inancial REBUTTALChildrens Reaction my parents really wanted me or I could have had a diseaseOnly 1% of all surrogate mothers motley their mind and want to keep the baby as compared to 75% of birth mothers who change their minds in a traditional adoptionThe people who have struggled so hard to conceive their own child are probably the best candidates to be good parents, not the worstThe American Fertility Society and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have recognised infertility as a disease. The statutes that are designed allow the surrogacy option only for those who ar e affected with a medically recognized disability.Baby M a psychological examination showed that Mary Beth Whitehead would have a problem giving up the child, but he operation handling the transaction did not bother to read the report.$$$ - some agencies require that their surrogate applicants have some minimum family income level before being evaluate into their program.$$$Money is a motivation just like it would be in other situations in which people are paid to be surrogate parents (nannies, workers in day care centers, foster parents, and teachers in elementary schools)

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Sikh struggles in India and U.S. Essay -- Culture Cultural Papers

Sikh struggles in India and U.S.John from the Sikh religion kills Peter, a government official. David, a nonher government official, kills Paul for being a Sikh. John is convicted but David is not. What about when an Indian comes to the U.S.? Indians have changed their cultural traditions so that their family can be accepted and their kids are not made enjoyment of for being different. These fictional names and situation has occurred to the Sikh religion. It has gone through political issues in India and cultural problems in the U.S. Sikhism, a religion that originated in India, and peculiarly in the state of Punjab which currently is 60% Sikhs and 36% Hindus. Two centuries have past and Sikhism has become the third major religion of India according to Edward A. Gargan in though Sikh Rebellion Is Quelled, Indias Punjab State Still Seethes (A8). According to Sikh Missionary Center in Sikh Religion, Guru Nanak founded the Sikh religion, which consists of ten Gurus (1469-1708). The l ast one announced the Guru Granth Sahib is the Holy Scripture. The Sikh Missionary Center also describes the characteristics of this religion as the rebirth to a less important position is a punishment, to live is a blessing and salvation is achieved by meditating on Nam (5). Guru Nanak or Baba Nanak can be considered the Jesus of the Sikh religion. According to Donald Lopez S. Jr. in Religious of India in Practice, Nanak was natural in Punjab in 1469 and died in 1538 or 1539 (449). He was raised Hindu in a Muslim area of India and believed in a religion from within, not like Hindus and Muslim that believe in liberation renouncing external features of the religion (Lopez 449). One tale about Nanak involves a time when he encountered some peopl... ... Edward A. though Sikh Rebellion Is Quelled, Indias Punjab State Still Seethes. New York clock 26 Oct. 1993 A1, A8.Goodstein, Laurie. At camps, young U.S. Sikhs cling to heritage. New York Times 18 Jul. 1998 A1, A7.Juergensmeyer, sco re and Barrier. G. Sikh Studies. Berkeley Graduate Theological Union, 1979.Lopez, Donald S. Jr.. Religions of India in Practice. Princeton Princeton UP, 1995.Mansukhani, Late S. Gobind Singh. Introduction to Sikhism. New Delhi Hemkunt, 1977. Online. (12 Mar. 2000). <http//photon.bu.edu/rajwi/sikhism/mansukh7.htmlq125. Perez-Pena, Richard. Sink Temple Helps To Bind A Community In Mourning. New York Times 27 Nov. 1994 53.Sikh Missionary Center. Sikh Religion. Arbor Braum-Brumfield, 1990.Singh, Teja. Sikhism Its Ideals and Institutions. Bomby Calcutta Madias New Delhi Orient Longmans, 1951.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The United States as a Global Police Force :: International Police Force

If you had to choose a nation to take on the power of protecting the homo basically as a global police mogul who would you choose to take on this big responsibility? Well most of the countries are choosing the U.S. sanitary the military man feel different on this topic they feel like it is not our duty to try and solve everyone elses problem. They also need to service of process with issues that this is needed and we are the best trained and best equipped to react to any scenario. Because the united states is making two new brigades that are trained to result issues without violence and to depend more on social skills but still trained well enough to fight in a pinch, and we have thousands of military deployed already as peacekeepers which are basically global police. So we already have a start on the job but what about the damage who is gonna even the costs so we arent losing money. But is the cost of all this worth it the cost of human lives worth everyone elses protectio n how do the men in furnish feel about being a global cop when there country is not in harm some of them feel like this troops have a hard time traverseing with the fact that their missions represent no clear threat to our national interests making it more difficult for them to be separated from their families for long periods of time. (OMeara) As stated before some soldiers feel this is not there job they did not join the military to be a cop they joined to be a soldier and protect their liberty no one elses. They think that a global police force would be a good thing but they want it to be a job you sign up for cause they just want their freedom to be protected cause they think it is not what they signed on for. The reason in the past 20-25 years this has become a big deal because of the past terrorist attacks, so they want to keep the terrorist groups under control. The next issue that came up is our defense budget, if we became the global police force then it would cost us a lot of money like it already does the U.S. defense debt is more than $280 billion more than $1000 for every man, woman, and child in the united states.

Intellectual Property, Copyright, Authorship, and Individuality in Music and Print Culture :: Intellectual Property Copyright Authorship

Intellectual Property, Copyright, Authorship, and Individuality in Music and Print Culture When the alphabet was invented, speak epics could be converted into an abstract representation - writing. The experience of the spoken epic poem could be transformed into written format. Although books can be read aloud and therefore retain some similarity to the communal genius of the oral tradition, books can also be read silently in solitude, emphasizing the individual reader. Among the many functions that Roger Chartier has attributed to the figure of the author is not only the intent of creator to the content, but also to appropriate ownership of that creation to whomever owns the post rights to that content (36). Copyright law protects the specific manifestations of ideas and facts, but not those ideas and facts themselves. When commemoration was no longer used to experience memory, individual authors came to be recognized as readers became less participatory in the process o f getting meaning from the work. The author as creator became an individual who gave meaning to an audience fragmented by the ability of the written word to separate its readers from one another. The author serves as a run into point for individual readers to receive meaning, whereas in pre-literate times, this meaning would have been constructed by a the entire group in the immediacy of the performance. In terms of property ownership, one parallel in music was the development of an agreed upon system of notes, scales, and representations of musical sounds and timings. This musical alphabet was necessary to write down scores of music, whether the past Egyptians music of the spheres or Beethovens Ninth Symphony. It serves to organize noise into a format that is accepted as the creation of a musician. As Albert Borgmann writes, The identity and integrity of a pitch of music can be underwritten by a score only if there is a complete and authoritative score (94). This means tha t a written account of a performed piece is only equal in validity to the performed piece if some amount of authority is granted the former. The composer/author of the piece serves as the source of this authority. However, if there is no score, the identity and integrity of the piece must lie in its performance. In this case, it is the performers of the actual song that constitute its integrity, and this has implications that antagonise the functions of the author.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Business Paradigm :: essays research papers

Key Point 1 How does Corporate Restructuring affect our golf club?In the early 1990s, corporate restructuring was being reported in newspapers and magazines almost daily. In 1995 alone, domestic mergers totaled more than $450 Billion. In just the first workweek of the second quarter of 1996, merger activity totaled $28.3 Billion. To name a couple of corporations that were involved were Bell Telephone systems and AT & T.Pros and cons come from such immense mergers and acquisitions. A good aspect that came from the Bell merger was that they were able to provide gain to 30 million residential and business customers in seven states wolfram of the Mississippi. On the other hand, a negative aspect that arrived from mergers is that often times, after the merger had taken place, the companies decided to downsize to make their new corporations more efficient. Long-time employees be at a time being pushed out of the company.Investors and analysts alike, seemed to respect the companies that inflicted the deepest cuts and fired the greatest number of workers. Executive pay rose along with corporate profits and productivity. The earnings packages for those individuals laid-off were tied to job performance. This created a huge amount of hostility. Mergers also created fear amongst the employees. The fear of job loss eroded the loyalty between employees and their companies.Mergers, however, are sometimes inevitable. The corporations must find ways to stay competitive, not only internationally, but globally.Key Point 2 Social Responsiveness Management full-size corporations are responsible for providing the consumer with a safe and reliable product. They are also legally obligated to ensure what the company is offering the consumer is what the consumer gets. Take the in-class video on U-Haul for example.U-Haul stated that each vehicle is routinely inspected to ensure customer safety. The inspection log would have a recent date annotating the last inspection. A team of reporters visited several U-Haul subsidiaries throughout the United States. The findings were shocking. It was found after having professional mechanics inspect the vehicles, that most were unsafe to drive. This negligence on U-hauls behalf places the consumers bread and butter in jeopardy. It has become a huge issue after several fatalities that resulted from U-hauls vehicle negligence. Laws should become more stringent on companies that provides this type of service to consumers.Key Point 3 Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (Nuclear Energy)The debate over whether nuclear energy is a socially acceptable has bypast on for years.

Business Paradigm :: essays research papers

Key Point 1 How does Corporate Restructuring affect our Society?In the early 1990s, corporate restructuring was be reported in newspapers and magazines almost daily. In 1995 alone, domestic mergers totaled more than $450 Billion. In just the first week of the second quarter of 1996, merger body process totaled $28.3 Billion. To name a couple of corporations that were involved were bell Telephone systems and AT & T.Pros and cons come from such large mergers and acquisitions. A good aspect that came from the Bell merger was that they were able to provide service to 30 million residential and business customers in seven states west of the Mississippi. On the other hand, a controvert aspect that arrived from mergers is that often times, after the merger had taken place, the companies decided to downsize to make their new corporations more efficient. Long-time employees are now being pushed out of the company.Investors and analysts alike, seemed to respect the companies that inflicte d the deepest cuts and fired the greatest number of workers. Executive pay rose along with corporate profits and productivity. The compensation packages for those individuals laid-off were tied to job performance. This created a considerable amount of hostility. Mergers also created fear amongst the employees. The fear of job loss eroded the loyalty between employees and their companies.Mergers, however, are sometimes inevitable. The corporations must find ship canal to stay competitive, not only internationally, but globally.Key Point 2 Social Responsiveness ManagementLarge corporations are responsible for providing the consumer with a arctic and reliable product. They are also legally obligated to ensure what the company is offering the consumer is what the consumer gets. Take the in-class video on U-Haul for example.U-Haul stated that each vehicle is routinely inspected to ensure customer safety. The inspection log would have a recent date annotating the last inspection. A team of reporters visited several U-Haul subsidiaries throughout the get together States. The findings were shocking. It was found after having professional mechanics inspect the vehicles, that most were unsafe to drive. This negligence on U-hauls behalf places the consumers life in jeopardy. It has become a huge issue after several fatalities that resulted from U-hauls vehicle negligence. Laws should become more stringent on companies that provides this type of service to consumers.Key Point 3 enrol of Ethics and Business Conduct (Nuclear Energy)The debate over whether nuclear energy is a socially acceptable has gone on for years.

Monday, May 27, 2019

To what extent have UK Prime ministers become “presidential”?

There argon a number of reasons that the UKs prime ministers post be called presidential. For instance Blair and Thatcher were both dominant over their government they would oftentimes disregard what their cabinet said. The PM is in like manner very much seen as the head teacher of state Also the PM is very much a intent head and the media portrays him as the head of the political party, the government and the party ideology. The PM if he or she has a majority in the crime syndicate of Commons they can pretty much pass any law that they like as long as the whips are used to enforce that the party votes the way that the leader of the party wants.Also Tony Blair was a very dominant PM, he would take his cabinets opinions in to consideration but quite often he would ignore what his cabinet had said and do what he wanted. For instance some members of his cabinet resigned as ministers over the Iraq war because Blair would not listen to them. But there is also an argument to say t hat the UKs PM s are not presidential for instance the PM is part of the legislature and is therefore accountable to the House of Commons instead of directly to the people whereas a President is voted for directly by the people so the president is directly accountable to the public.Although it could be argued that the PM is accountable to the people through the media for instance televised debates and coverage in broadsheet newspapers. The PM is very much a figurehead and this is the way that the PM is portrayed within the media, for instance when a parties policies fail or something goes wrong with the country it will invariably be blamed on the PM as he is portrayed as the head of the party and the government even if the thing that goes wrong has nothing to do with them they will still be blamed by the public and held accountable by the House of Commons.In this sense the PM is more of a president than a Prime Minister. On the other lapse the legislature and the executive is not strictly separate because the PM is a member of the legislature before they are a member of the executive and they are chosen from the legislature, whereas a president can only be a member of one of those things. For instance the President can not sit in Congress or in the Senate as well as being President people can only sit in one. The real UK head of state is the Queen but this is a ceremonial role as it is the prime minister who has the power.When Gordon Brown was Prime Minister he wanted to move on powers back to the Commons these included the power to declare war, he also wanted to curb the power of the whips and he wanted all select committees to be voted by MP s instead of chosen by the PM. In conclusion I would say that the Prime minister is presidential purely because of the measuring rod of power that the PM has over the country, as long as he has a majority in the House of Commons then the PM can exercise all of his power and it is almost impossible to stop him the gov ernment bug outnumbers the other parties that will want to try and stop the legislation set out by the PM.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Human Rights and Development Essay

IntroductionThe end slight efforts by military man existences in formulating perception to respect military personnels self-worth resulted the human rights discourse and so was case of development. The inherent intensity of searching better for human being to respect the human dignity paves the stylus for sore development concept by integrating human rights norms into development, and thereby making a paradigm shift from other development models. The transition from focusing on material to focusing on human in development reflects the deepening of citizenry downstairsstanding about the apprisals between human rights and development. However, armed differences inside and beyond the national boundaries ingest been seriously violating human rights and hampering development process. War around the globe had and still has the same result. People around the globe ar reshuffling their thinking on development models to ensure human rights thereby getting a pacificationful enviro nment free from war and conflicts.The aim of this idea is to explore the negative relation, if any, between armed conflicts, war and human rights and development assuming as a development model. Linking human rights with development as a development model Human rights be those rights without which a human being cannot live as human being. These rights be indispensable and inviolable, no one is say to take away these rights from any individual or groups. These rights are so basic and fundamental that any man or woman gets that from his or her fork up and which are founded on human dignity.On the other hand, Development has now become an inter-disciplinary subject or it can be attributed to opposite political or ideological viewpoints. Development is as much a prerogative of nations as of individuals within nations. Development as comprehensively would be meantis a comprehensive economic, social, ethnical and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well- being of the entire population and of all in all individuals on the basis of their active, free, and meaningful participation in development and in fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom.Human rights and development an integrated go about of development as comparatively a new development model generally cognize as Rights based approach. A rights-based approach is a conceptual framework for the process of human development that is normatively based on international human rights standards and operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights. The right-based approach integrates the norms, standards and principles of international human rights system into the plans, policies and processes of development. Linking human rights with peace as antithesis of conflicts and war Journey towards protecting rights of the people and ensuring peace in this globe had an immemorial history.It was so strongly perceived and advocated from the World War I and during and after World War II, which resulted the concept of human rights as it understood today. Perhaps, it was President Wilson of U.S.A. who advocated for rights of the minority as global bulwark at Peace Conference in Versailles (1919). During World War II gentlemans gentleman had witnessed the massive violation of human rights and denial of peace. Consequently, international legal and political leaders committed to show respect human rights and to stop wars and conflicts which paved the way for establishing UN as global organization.We the peoples of the United Nations de margeinedto save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our life time has brought untold sorrow to mankind. Human beings are in position from where they want to respect the dignity and to avoid the barbarous acts of conflicts and wars by proper understanding and realizing these rights. whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind.But after acknowledging the human rights and making commitments through UN, does the world avoid conflicts and war that violate human rights. The event would certainly be negative though there was no world war since 1946 to onwards. But the world is witnessed of massive human rights violation in Sudan, Congo, Ruanda, Iraq, Afghanistan and different parts of the world. These in the unyielding run violate the human rights. War, conflicts outside(a) or internal and unrest are threat to peace and earnest all over which are the conditions precedent for realizing human rights. Thus, war is the antithesis of human rights and vice- versa.It is widely believed that the denial of human rights is not only an individual and personal tragedy as it as well creates conditions of social and political unrest, sowing the seeds of violence and conflict within and between the societies and nations. Thus, there is a close relation in observance of human rights and maintenance of peace o r vice versa. The annunciation of Principle of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among the provinces in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, which was adopted by the UNGA in resolution 2625(XXV) of 24 October 1970, that postulates maintaining and strengthening international peace founded upon freedom, justice and respect for human rights.Respect, promotion and protection of human rights helps to reduce the conflicts, internal or external and thereby avoiding the war, because by respecting fundamental human rights no civilized nations can support and go for war. Linking development with peace as antithesis of conflicts and war In the place setting of 21st century, the concept of development has been drastically changed. Now development is perceived in much broader sense than that of previous. Notion of development equating with commodity or economic growth has been changed and now development is perceived as human development, meaning t he process of enlarging peoples choices.Thus, there is a close relation between development and peace. An underdeveloped environment is not generally accepted that peace shall be prevailing. For this, to establish such environment, commitments are reflected in UN charter establishing conditions under which justice, respect to international law, to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, ensuring economic and social development for all would be prevailed. undisturbed environment is very much conducive for development and vice versa, Almost 20 years after the cold war our world is becoming less safe, industrialized countries are cladding human insecurity by terrorism.Conflicts by internal groups are also visible in different developing and to the lowest degree developing countries. The world both developed and under-developed is suffering the common problem of insecurity which subjectd by among the reasons deprivation, violation of human rights and less development approach by the rulers. Insecurity linked to armed conflict remains one of the greatest obstacles to realize human rights and development. Every civilian death linked to conflict is a violation of human rights. The human security which is the essence of human rights and development has got larger attention across the globe in this era of globalization. The state centric security now turns into the human centric security. Promotion of security helps to ensure the development as well as human rights, and insecurity expose to unrest and under-development and massive violation of human rights.Humanity cannot enjoy security without development or development without security, and neither without respect for human rights. Human being can achieve complete fulfillment of its aspirations only within the just social order. For the stable, peaceful, non-violent environment are preconditions which are more often disturbed by the war and conflicts. international peace and securi ty on the one hand, and social progress and economic development on the other, are closely interdependent and deflect each other. Furthermore, there is very close relationship between disarmament which exposes peace as well as development and also prevents armed conflicts and war. There is a close relationship between disarmament and development and that progress in the field of disarmament would considerably promote progress in the field of development. The be of wars and conflicts often are not clear to the world community, it just not the violating human rights at once but making many human persons disables for the long time which is contrary to the concept of development. Violent conflicts claims lives not just through bullets but through the erosion of human security more broadly.Armed conflicts and wars all over the world displaced many people which is ultimately a violation of human rights and also a serious impediment of development. About 25 billion people are internally displaced because of conflicts or human rights violations. However, some developed nations go for war for resources but ultimately their development doesnt become as sustainable one. Their internal development get interrupted by drugs, alcoholism, joblessness, economic unrest thereby produce instability, recent USAs movement of we are 99% the occupier of world street and UKs unrest are glaring examples of non-sustainability of their development.ConclusionHuman rights and development share some commonalities, for that reason they have justification to be applied in practical field which can be a very pragmatic way to solve problems that we are facing today. Thus, in the light of above discussion, it shall not be less than just to claim that, human rights and development both are the antithesis of armed conflicts and war, and vice-versa.The promotion and protection of formers discourages the latter, and happening of the latter severely violates and hampers the former. Thus, human rig hts and development are the contradictory to war and the war, armed conflicts are also opposite to the promotion and protection of human rights, and realization sustainable development. In this same point, the both human rights and development could used as to prevent armed conflicts and war. In turn without development, long term enjoyment of human rights and development will prove illusory and war, of course is the antithesis of both. 2 . The author completed LL.B. & LL.M. from University of Dhaka. And currently serving as Lecturer, Department of Law. potassium University of Bangladesh. 3 . Preamble, Para-2, Declaration on the Right to Development, 1986, adopted by UNGA. 4 . Robinson, Mary, A voice for human rights, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006, p.303. 5 . Preamble, The UN charter.1945. 6 . Ibid. 7 . Bari, Dr.M.Ershadul, Human rights and World peace, The Dhaka University Studies Part-F, Vol.III(1)1-11June 1992,p.2 8 . The third preambular paragraph. 9 . HDR, 1990, U NDP, New York, p. 10. 10 . Ibid. 11 . Ibid. 12 . See for more, Sen, Amartya, Human security now, Commission on human security, New York, 2003, pp. 2- 9. 13 . Anaan, kofi, Report of the secretary general, UN ,New York,2005,p.6. 14 . Preamble, Para-6, Declaration on Social Progress and Development,1969,adopted by UNGA. 15 . Preamble, Declaration on the Right to Development, 1986, adopted by UNGA. 16 . HDR, 2005, UNDP, New York, p.155. 17 . Ibid., p.151. 18 . Annan, Kofi, Official records of the UNGA, forty-seventh session, supplement no-1(A/47/1) para-109.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Metaphor, Tone and Antithesis in “Legal Alien” Essay

Legal Alien, a collection from Chants, is a short free versed poem written by Pat Mora. The poem explores the lives of Mexi go off-Americans and the cultural tension they have to face. The poet discusses a bi-cultural person whose parents are from Mexico but the person was born and raised in America and is an American citizen by law. Although he can speak fluent side of meat and Spanish, he still has a hard time being reliable by both or one prevail. Moras use of poetic techniques such as metaphor, tone and antithesis emphasizes her concerns in regards to the issue.Mora uses metaphor to highlight how a bi-cultural individual feels like not being acknowledged by both races. a handy token (line 16) informs the readers that a bi-cultural individual is like a handy instrument that can easily slide from back to forth, from English to Spanish (vice-versa). The person can also adapt very quickly, quicker than those who has only one culture. between the fringes of both worlds (line 18) n otify the readers that although the speakers race is Mexican and his nationality is American the speaker isnt fully accepted by both races. Mexicans location the speaker as an disaffect (line 10) while American view him as exotic, inferior and definitely different (lines 9-10). In this situation, the speaker feels lost in both races thus having an identity crisis.Using tone shapes the ideas of the poem and expresses the poets aggravation towards cultural tension. able to slip from, Hows life? to _Mestanvolviendo loca_(lines 2-3) this line informs the readers that while the speaker can speak both languages fluently she isnt accepted by both races entirely and the speaker is frustrated, this is evident when she said _Mestanvolviendo loca_(line 3) this means they are driving me crazy in English. By smiling by masking the discomfort of being pre-judged Bi-laterally (lines 19-22) the speaker is unease and sad because she is not accepted by bothraces. The speaker smiles to conceal his discomfort of being pre-judged immediately without perspicacious him first. Mora capitalizes Bi-laterally (line 22) and adds a hyphen to draw attention to the readers that the speaker is being judged by both of his heritage.Mora uses antithesis to make the readers more mindful of the opposition. Antitheses is almost visible in either line of the poem where the speaker is describing two different races, Mexican and American, side-by-side with each other but are complete opposites. Examples are Hows life? To _Mestanvolviendo loca_ (lines 2-3), lottery memos in smooth English, able to order in fluent Spanish at a Mexican restaurant (lines 5-7), Viewed by Anglos as perchance exotic, perhaps inferior, definitely different, viewed by Mexicans as alien (lines 9-11), An American to Mexicans/ A Mexican to Americans (lines 14- 15). These lines of antithesis draw attention to the cultural tension between Mexican and American in an individuals knowledge.Pat Mora uses poetic techniques such as metaphor, tone and antithesis to show discomfort and frustration of fitting in and being accepted by both races. The readers is predicted to fathom that bi-cultural individuals dont have it so easy fitting in and being accepted by both races even though they can speak both languages, both of their race still dont accept them utterly. That leaves them having an identity crisis thus being called a legal alien, a person who belongs however is not entirely acknowledged by the community.

Friday, May 24, 2019

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber

Francis Macomber notes on analysis The narrative voice The story is told through an omniscient narrator in third person, who is passively observing. Nothing is hidden to the reader, revealing this unpleasant atmosphere. Ex. from p. 9 Macomber stepped out of the curved opening at the side of the front seat, onto the step and down onto the ground. The lion steady stood looking majestically and coolly toward this object that his eyes only showed in silhouette, bulking comparable some super-rhino. There was no man smell carried toward him and he watched the object, miserable his great head a little from side to side.Then watching the object, not afraid, but hesitating before going down the bank to drink with such a thing opposite him, he saw a man figure detach itself from it and he turned his heavy head and swung away toward the dish out of the trees as he heard a cracking crash and felt the slam of a. 30-06 220-grain solid bullet that bit his flank and ripped in sudden gamy scald ing nausea through his stomach. He trotted, heavy, big-footed, swinging wounded full-bellied, through the trees toward the tall sens and cover, and the crash came again to go past him ripping the air apart.Then it crashed again and he felt the blow as it hit his lower ribs and ripped on through, blood sudden hot and frothy in his mouth, and he galloped toward the high grass where he could crouch and not be seen and make them bring the crashing thing close enough so he could make a rush and wreak the man that held it. This example from the text shows how much you should the omniscient teller extends this is the lions point of view the part where it gets shot. By going into the minds of the animals he creates a parallel betwixt the people and animals. Characters Robert Wilson Quote, p. 20 By my troth, I care not a man can die but once we owe God a death and let it go which way it will, he that dies this year is quit for the next .. You grow up when you kill an animal, not when y ou make love turn fucking 21. Wilson is sort of this product of Africa. Neglects this more sensitive side to himself because it reveals to much about him. He wants to be this machine, this MAN, which the idea of being a Sensitivo does not encounter with. Wilsons thoughts on Americans From p. 20 Its that some of them stay little boys so long, Wilson thought. Sometimes all their lives. Their figures stay boyish when theyre fifty.The great American boy-men. damn strange people. But he liked this Macomber now. Wilsons thoughts on women Cant live with them cant live without them. Sees them as a complete strange specie. * He blames Francis for Margot sleeping with him. From p. 4 Oh, anything, express Wilson. Simply anything. They are, he thought, the hardest in the world the hardest, the cruelest, the most predatory and the most attractive and their men have softened or gone to pieces nervously as they have hardened. Or is it that they pick men they can handle? They cant get by tha t much at the age they marry, he thought.He was grateful that he had gone through his education on American women before now because this was a very attractive one. Margaret Macomber (Margot) Francis wife (not married out of love. Stays unitedly because hes rich and shes pretty (and witty and gaaaaaay) She is dishonest Controls Francis, has the upper hand in the relationship, You dont have to wait long when you have an advantage. Is the prettiest woman (in Africa). The reason she doesnt leave him at home in America is that there she isnt the prettiest one. She and Francis need each other, but through the story the balance shifts and it has consequences.The Short Happy Life of Francis MacomberWhile read The Short & Happy Life of Francis Macomber, I focused on the question, what made his life succinct and bright. At first I took the interpretation of short and happy literally, translating too, living a short life (age) and happy meaning (wealth). After some thought though I realiz e that Hemingway meant something entirely different. Francis Macomber in the scratch of the short story is a coward causing his wife to loath him, and even the staff to judge and question his manhood. Finally Francis overcomes his cowardly behavior and finally lives. You know I dont think Id ever be afraid of anything againSomething happened in me after we first saw the batter and started after him. Like a dam bursting. It was pure excitement. It is at this moment that I think Francis begins to live life, while simultaneously become happy as he has just overcome his cowardliness. Moments later his wife (accidently? ) shoots him Whether or not it was an accident is up for discussion, but that is what I think Hemingway meant when he titled his short story, The Short & Happy Life of Francis Macomber. Now Did his wife kill him on purpose or was it actually an accident. This kind of confused me because I feel like I can argue both sides, however, I feel like the stronger argument is h er intentionally killing her husband for the reasons below She could of intentionally done it because of her posture and actions prior to killing him. First off she was giving him crap about being a coward, and on top of that, I think she also slept with Wilson since remote her husband he is not a coward. This was never actually stated but thats how I inferred it.Also, moments before the gunshot, Macomber at one point looks sand at her and waves, she, with the rifle besides her does not wave back. Even though love is a missing component in their relationship, she would of waved back if she was feeling in control of the situation but now that Macomber is fearless he has control. I think she feels bitter and needs to retaliate because of this, thus why she pulls the trigger and accidently shoots him. Wilson in the end also says, He would of left you too, so maybe she also did it, because she, like Wilson also knew that.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Qualitative Research Critique Essay

High rates of staff swage in nursing homes is not a recent phenomenon. As far bet on as the mid-1970s studies have documented average turnover rates for registered nurses (RNs), licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) and certified nurses aides (CNAs) ranging between 55% and 75% (Mor,V., Mukamel, D.B., & Spector,W. D. 2009, 1). Long confines oversee facilities (LTC) have staffing issues related to the high turnover of licensed staff. The effect can have a heavy financial shipment and also affect the tuition given to residents. Many ask the question why is it hard to attract and keep nurses at a long term facility. The International Journal of Nursing Studies conducted a qualitative study titled Making tradeoffs between reasons to leave and reasons to stay employed in long-term care homes Perspectives of licensed nursing staff (Boscart, V.M. Bowers, B., Brown, M., & McGilton, K. S. 2014, 917). This study focuses on how the nurses feel slightly where they work and what makes them want to leave or stay at a job. hassle StatementThe high turnover of licensed staff in nursing homes, it not only effects the residents quality of care and the morale among staff members, and is also very costly to the facility. The purpose of the study was to understand what captures nursing staff to stay at a LTC facility. There have been studies conducted in the past but they were primarily done with nonlicensed staff or within the acute care setting. The goal of this study was to gain insight on how to agree nurses in LTC facilities. This study is significant as administrators in LTC facilities have a hard time attracting and retaining licensed nursing staff. When there is a high turnover of staff, it can affect the care of residents and morale of staff in a negative way, and is very costly.Purpose and Research QuestionsThe purpose of the study was to understand what factors influence nurses to make a decision to stay at an LTC facility. The questions that the studydetermined to answer was what is the motivations that nurses have that cause them to stay at their present facility? some other question would be what are the reasons or factors that would cause a nurse to terminate their employment? The purpose and questions related to the problem the findings resulted in learning about what is important to nurses when they are making decisions to stay or terminate employment. The methods utilize in this study were stated as qualitative descriptive. The specimen size was 17 RNs and 24 LPNs which, for a qualitative study is sufficient. The participants were approximatelyly female with an average age of 48 years.They interviewed staff from septenary different LTC homes across Ontario, Canada. Prior to the study, permission was obtained from the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Research Ethics Board, and also from the administrators of each facility. The researchers also obtained consents from staff who were interested in active in the study, prior to setting up focus groups Each focus group was digitally recorded confidentiality was assured and information was analyzed, coded, and reached a level of saturation. The sample was sufficient to explore and develop analytic generalizations about working circumstances that influence the nurses intention to stay in LTC facilities (Boscart, V. M., Bowers, B., Brown, M., & McGilton, K.S.2014).Literature ReviewThe author used several qualitative resources that were cited throughout their article, and were dated from the year 2000-2012, which is relevant to this type of study. The author clearly states the gaps of the study were that no retention research had been completed in LTC settings. Limitations were listed as interviewing both LPNs and RNs together. This could have been a limitation for the LVNs as they may have felt scare to discuss information with their supervisors present. Discussions about their intentions of leaving, or the factors they feel make the work environment less than desir subject. The researchers tried to belittle that problem by having staff touch focus groups with others that they did not work directly with. Another limitation was possible bias, as the lead researcher was a nurse. All members of the research team reviewed the findings to minimize any potential bias (BoscartV. M., Bowers, B., Brown, M., & McGilton, K.S.2014). The study gave helpful insights to retaining staff, but the studydoes not give any information about whether any of the facilities actually use any of the employees ideas.Conceptional/ Theoretical FrameworkThe author did not identify a specific theory or perspective from which the study was developed. The theory that most relates to this study is the Herzbergs two-factor theory.This theory examines the reasons employees are satisfied or dissatisfied with their jobs. From this research, Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction which were hygiene factors and motivator facto rs (Riley, J., 2012, paragraph 1). This theory gives valuable information to employers on what is important for employee satisfaction and for retaining employees.Several themes resonated throughout the article, a few of the main ones were why the nurses were staying in LTC, which was because of the relationships they had with the residents and their coworkers. The mannikin that was developed from the studies indicated why nurses stay or leave a job. Some of the reasons listed for terminating a job were regulations in LTC that effect role flexibility, and not being able to exercise professional judgment. The lack of supportive leadership and personal commitments were also mentioned. Nurses listed reasons to stay as relationships with the residents, their coworkers, and having opportunities to learn and be educated.ConclusionAs evidenced in the study, there are many reasons for leaving or staying at a job. With high turnover there are many disadvantages for the facility as soundly a s the resident and employees. The study indicated what was important to nurses for job satisfaction. With the shortage of nurses and the difficulty in retaining nurses in the LTC facilities, this information could be very crucial to those who hire nurses in these settings. For future studies it would be good to follow up and see if any of the facilities in the study implemented the information given by the staff. This study is important for nursing, as it gives nurses a chance to voice their concerns and give employers the opportunity to make changes.ReferencesBoscart. V. M., Bowers, B., Brown, M., & McGilton, K.S. (2014). Making tradeoffs between the reasons to leave and reasons to stay employed in long-term care homes Perspectives of licensed nursing staff. InternationalJournal of Nursing Studies,51(6). 917-926.dpo10/1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.10.015 Mor, V., Mukamel, D.B., & Spector, W. D. (2009). The costs of turnover in nursing homes. The Costs of Turnover in Nursing Homes. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ topic Center for Biotechnology Information Riley, J. (2012). Motivation Theory Herzberg. From Motivation Theory Herzberg Tutor2u Retrieved from www.tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_theory_herzberg.asp

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

The Mahabharata: a Brahminical Struggle for Power

The Mahabharata A brahmanical Struggle for Power The desire for power has always been an issue throughout the whiles. As foreign ideas and invaders became a threatening situation, the Brahmin class during time of the Mahabharata responded by stressing the importance of dharma in society. The writers of the Mahabharatas twelfth book, The Book of Peace, place extra emphasis on dharma to not only wield order within the soil, only if also to preserve the social status of Brahmins and dissuade other castes from converting to new and foreign influences in the Mahabharata.To better understand why such an act was needed, this paper will discuss the brahminical social status relative to other castes, the importance of dharma in society to Brahmins, the growing influence of the Buddhism in India, and lastly the presence of Jainism in society and its minor effect. During the period the Mahabharata was written, in that respect was a clear outlined four-tiered caste system consisting of the Sudras, Vaishyas, Kshatriya, and Brahmins. These classes were meant to maintain order by stressing that each class must to adhere to its proper dharma. The Sudras were the lowest level of the caste system.Known typic all toldy as slaves and workers, their dharma was to do be slaves or do hard labor. They held no power although they represented a large portion of society. They were owned by the Kshatriya, just now they were considered bulletproof by both Brahmins and Kshatriyas because of the impure stigma placed upon the class by the Brahmins. This idea of impurity of the Sudras pervaded even throughout the class itself, and at the pinnacle of the caste system, there were divisions within the Sudra class The Vaisyas were placed below the Kshatriya and Brahmins and slightly above the Sudras in the caste system.This classs main focus was agriculture and livestock. Scholars such as Richard Fick state that, Originally in the oldest Vedic age Vaiyas was a name of the class of cattle- breeding and land-cultivating Aryan settlers, it later served the purpose of the theorizing Brahmins to bind in concert the unlimited number of social groups. They were unable to receive education in Vedic traditions. Since they were the closest to Sudras in class, these two groups occasionally formed distinct classes referred to as Gahapatis and KutumbikaThe Kshatriya class was known to consist of the warriors and kings of the caste system. They maintained a symbiotic relationship with the Brahmins. The Kshatriyas depended on the Brahmins to perform detailed rites since they were the only ones who knew the knowledge to perform them. The Brahmins depended on the Kshatriyas for protection and sustenance. Although the Brahmins had the knowledge the Kshatriyas needed, this did not last. As the Kshatriyas gained access to Vedic literature, they demonstrated equal dedication to the school texts as the Brahmins did .This access to Vedic literature prompted the Kshatriyas to begin to u nbelief brahminical ways. As the Kshatryias became more educated, kings were not happy with the parasitical life led by the brahminical class. This questioning and dissatisfaction aided the development of new ideas and influences. The Brahmin class focused on performing rituals and the Vedic texts. They put new meaning to the saying, knowledge is power. Through their knowledge on how to perform complicated rituals and fussy mystical power, they were able to persuade all the other classes to face to them.Bhishma in the Mahabharata, tells Yudhisthiria that priest of the sacrifice (rtvij), a family priest (purohita), a teacher, a disciple, relatives and kinsmen basis be considered worthy of worship and honour if they ar furnished with learning and virtue (Srutavrt coverasamhita). Essentially describing the Brahmins, Bhisma tells Yudhisthiria and all other classes to give to Brahmins since they fulfill the required criteria on who to give to. The Brahmins were the most organized class of the time, and this allowed them to declare their broad rule.It did not matter if the Kshatriyas had the thrown the power over the thrown essentially made them the ruler of the land. overindulgence power corrupts, and the Brahmins were clearly overstepping their bounds. Kings began to see their relationship with Brahmins as parasitic rather than symbiotic. i of the most famous Kshatriya, Siddhartha Gautama, was raised with this mentality, and would use this as a metrical foot for Buddhism. However, Brahmins were still kept in high regard. In the Mahabharata, The Book of Peace is essentially a long argument in favor of Brahmins. It looked upon them as travel gods on earth who should be obeyed and honored. Though this is the case, scholars such as V. S Sukthankar believe that the tradition which revised and recast the epic according to the Vaishnava and brahmana need was the Brighu tradition. adept of these instances notify be seen in Top of the list of Bhargavas secon d only to Bhrgu himself, is Rama Jamadagnya, the militant brahmin hero responsible for the destruction of the ksatriyas, whether this story is intended to as a military or a literary victory. If Sukthankars theory is correct, the Brahminization of the Mahabharata exemplifies the power the Brahmins had in their era. They not only had the ability to influence public form _or_ system of government in the Vedic era, but also how they are portrayed in religious texts that transcend both borders and time. Braminization was not only a way to maintain power at the time, but ensure that their power be maintained for future Brahmins as well. Compared to all other classes, the brahminical class best soundless the political and social needs of the time.This allowed them to gain increasing power and respect not only in their era, but future periods to come. Dharma was the way of life in the Vedic society. Adharmic acts are not taken lightly as seen in the Mahabharata when Yudhisthrias chariot falls later on half-lying about Asvattammas death. The idea of dharma can be traced back to the Vedic period when the concept of dharma was represented as the word rita . In Book 12, Bhisma defines dharma as, it helps acquisition and preservation of wealth. The sages have declared that dharma restricts and limits all evil acts of men.All creatures prosper by the growth of dharma and deteriorate with its decay. (12. 91, 14-15) Bhisma goes on to discuss how dharma is important in all parts of the caste or varna system. A volume of The Book of Peace is describing how a king should act, what should a kingdom provide, and how dharma needs to be pursueed (unless during special situations such as war), however, Bhisma spends time to educate what dharma means for those not in the position of king. Not only does Bhisma specify what type of lives Sudras, Vaishyas, Kshatriya, and Brahmins should live, but also how to live ones life at specific ages.There are four modes of life that Bhisma reveals in The Book of Peace. The first is Brahmacharya Ashrama which instructs one to lead a life of celibacy and obey the order of preceptor (12. 168. 8. 10) . This time lasts from age 12 when a child goes to a preceptor and ends at the age of 25 when he returns. The next role is Grihastha Ashrama where Bhisma instructs one to enjoy life, gratify his senses, follow all ethical sanctions enshrined in the Samayadarma and help people who were in distress (12. 186. 11. 16) One should get married at the age of 25 and remain in this mode until 50 years old.At the age of 50, one enters Vanprastha Ashrama where he can accept the life of a hermit. At the late age of 75, one can enter Sanyasa Ashrama, where a hermit can detach himself further from the world and become an ascetic. These modes of life are directed towards the Bhramins, however, Kshatriyas can take on these roles, after duly observing his caste duties, in his old age, could accept the hermits and ascetics mode of life (12. 63. 16. 21) and an aged Vaishya, after virtuously performing his indebtedness and serving the king might adopt other modes of life with the kings permission (12. 3. 15) The class structures which include age are extremely structured. This is so because, the social mechanism of dharma was a clear attempt to moderate class struggle and competition with the help of the varna system. The caste system worked because of the wide understanding of dharma among its galore(postnominal) followers. With the Braminzation Theory in mind, it is entirely possible that the Brahmins, through Bhismas voice, were the true advocates for dharmic living. The idea of dharma was to maintain the stability and the status quo of the time .The highly structured rule acted as an instrument to fulfill the Brahmins desires. The importance of class structure focuses on maintaining the power of the Brahmins which is why it was alarming to witness Brahmins acting like Kshatriyas and vice versa. One of the developin g influences during the Vedic period was Buddhism. Mentioned earlier, Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born into the Kshatriya caste. This provided him with a primary bias against them, but his modestnesss for going against the brahminical caste were much deeper than an underlying bias.The Buddha was disgust by the animal sacrifices to the Gods, along with the hypocritical and lying nature of the Brahmins. He was also critical to their advice to kings and opposed to the Brahmin claim over the Kshatriyas. To gain followers, the Buddha took reward of the ailing brahminical caste. He showed support for the sudras by speaking against the caste and admitting the sudra castes into the snagha . The Buddha convinced the Kshatriyas to convert by using his family roots, and stressing his supremacy thus implicitly stating that Kshatryas were supreme.After gaining the Kshatriyas on his side, the Buddha moved on to the Vaisya class lending them money at an interest, and since the Vaisya class focused on livestock, Buddhas rejection of animal sacrifices only added more undercoat for the Vaisya to join his snagha. Buddhism even managed to recruit a significant part of their elite from good Brahmin families and which scattered the countryside with shrines and monasteries. Furthermore, Buddhism gained strong support by Asoka the Great, an Indian emperor, who reborn to Buddhism. Asoka did not reject the entire brahminical tradition.He also strongly desired for his people to be dharmic. His strong adherence to dharma rivals that of the Brahmins. The danger of Buddhism was not only the converts it was roll uping, but the stressing of equality across all caste and the ridding of the caste system all together. Since much of the Brahmins power was a result from the strict caste system, it was in their best interest to preserve it any way they could. In response the surge of Buddhism, the Mahabharata was released to counter the threat of outside invaders and n ew influences.This new text served to learn from the mistakes of past mistakes of the overextended Brahmin caste. But the text does not resemble the hymns of the Veda at all it is a narrative text which is replete with all trend of didactic wisdom. And it is a text which has, in its intention, and in fact, moved away from the social exclusivism and esotericism of the Vedic Brahmin tradition. The act of adaptation of the Brahminical tradition is astonishing because it maintains the same concepts conveyed through the first four Vedas while presenting it in a new fashion that speaks to the audience of that era.Although a remarkable cause, Buddhism waned in India because the Kshatriyas were afraid of Buddhism because it exist the very foundation of their existence as a class as oppressed people encouraged by its equality preaching were trying to overturn In response to this rising issue, the Brahmins and Kshatriyas formed a new alliance to reestablish the caste system , and as a re sult, Buddhism slowly faded in India. An additional threat to the Brahmins at the time was Jainism.Lead by Mahavira, a born and raised Kshatriya who renounced his caste, Jainism became an increasing threat to the Brahmins. In this remarkable spiritual exploration of Mahavira, there was a break with traditionalism, the response and challenge to the orthodoxy of the Brahmins. Although Jainism is not a considered a revolt against Brahmanism since it some of the tenets find roots in Vedic ideas , many of the ideas were alarming to the Brahmins. Mahavira did not think of the Vedas as authority and did not believe that the Brahmins were the bearers of spiritual truth .He also viewed animal sacrifices as wrong and rejected the animal ritual sacrifices such as the Horse Sacrifice popular in Vedic Brahmanism. There is no doubt that the emphasis on ahimsa, non-killing was a reaction against the Brahminic sacrifices which required sacrifices of live animals Although alarming to the Brahmins, Jainism had unattractive qualities which dissuaded many from converting to the lifestyle. Since Jainism was less of an anti-caste than anti-Brahmin movement , those angry with the current caste system did not find much reason to convert.Kshatriyas found this new ideology unappealing because it asked them to forego their warrior and bloody lifestyle to one that had no blood or violence. Despite these unappealing qualities, Jainism still managed to amass a group a followers particularly from the Vaiysa caste which sought to increase their status and distinguish themselves from the Sudras. Although a smaller influential group, Jainism still was a threat to the Brahmin way of life which demanded addressing. The ultimate goal of politics transcends time. In todays society, politics emains the same a constant fighting for power. Through analyzing the Bhraminical social status relative to other castes, the importance of dharma in society, the growing influence of the Buddhism in India, a nd the presence of invaders during the time of the Mahabharata, it is apparent that they were on the top of the caste system and were reluctant to move from that position even when many pressures were apparent. It is quite remarkable how the Mahabharata not only serves as present day religious belief text, but also as a response to the growing influences of Buddhism and Jainism.It is further exemplified that dharma is used as a tool to maintain order within the kingdom and attempt to preserve the social status of the Brahmins. Although the brahminical power eventually ended, their epic passion and zeal to maintain their status is not only inspiring, but also deserves some reorganization in the Indian Epic, the Mahabharata. Works Cited Ahir, D. C. Asoka the Great. Delhi B. R. Pub. Corp. , 1995. 9-137. Brekke, Torkel. Contradiction and the Merit of Giving in Indian Religions. International Review for the History of Religions 45 (1998) 302.Chousalkar, Ashok S. Social and governmenta l Implications of Concept of Dharma. Social and Political Implications of Concepts of Justice & Dharma. Delhi Mittal Publications, 1986. 55-112. Fitzgerald, James L. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. The Great Epic of India as Religious grandiosity A Fresh Look at the Mahabharata 51 (1983) 611-30. Fitzgerald, James L. The Mahabharata 11. the Book of the Women, 12. the Book of Peace, Part One. Vol. 7. Chicago, Ill. London University of Chicago P, 2004. 79-124. Gandhi, Raj S. The Rise of Jainism and its Adoption by the Vaishyas of India a Case Study in Sanskritisation and Status Mobility. Social Compass 24 (1977) 247-60. Hiltebeitel, Alf. Empire, Invasion, and Indias National Epics. International Journal of Hindu Studies 2 (1998) 387-421. Ilaiah, Kancha. Pre-Buddhist Society. God as Political Philosopher Buddhas Challenge to Brahminism. Kolkata Mandira Sen for Samya, 2001. 27-43. Leslie, Julia. Identifying Valmiki in the Early Sanskrit Text. Authority and Meaning i n Indian Religions Hinduism and the Case of Valmiki. Aldershot, Hants, Engand Ashgate, 2003. 83.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Small States Essay

The ASEAN pennant is an annual meeting held by the member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in relation to economic, and cultural development of Southeast Asian countries.2The league of ASEAN is currently connected with other countries who aimed to participate on the missions and visions of the league. Apparently, the league is conducting an annual meetings with other countries in an organisation collectively known as the ASEAN dialogue partners. ASEAN +3 adds China, Japan and South Korea. The established line of longitude are held in three days. The usual travel plan are as followsASEAN leadership hold an internal organisation meeting. .1ASEAN leaders hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum.2.Leaders of 3 ASEAN communication Partners (also known as ASEAN+3) namely China, Japan and South Korea hold a meeting with the ASEAN leaders.3.And a separate meeting is set for leaders of 2 ASEAN intercourse Partners (also known as ASEAN+C ER) namely Australia and New Zealand.HistoryThe First ASEAN spinning top was held in February 1976 in Bali.3 At this hit, ASEAN expressed its readiness to develop fruitful relations and reciprocally beneficial co- doing with other countries of the region.4 The ASEAN leaders write the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia.On 2nd ASEAN tip held on Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1977 was the occasion for the first summit meeting between Japan and ASEAN. Japan expressed its intention to promote co-operation with ASEAN.5On 9th ASEAN Summit A meeting on 7 October 2003 on Bali, Indonesia. The leaders of the members nations gestural a declaration known as the Bali Concord II in which they agreed to pursue closer economic integration by 2020. According to the declaration, an ASEAN fraternity would be set upon three pillars, namely political and security cooperation, economic cooperation, and socio-cultural cooperation For the purpose of ensuring durable peace, stability and share d prosperity in the region. The plan envisaged a region with a population of 500 million and annual barter of US$720 billion. Also, a free trade area would be established in the region by 2020. ASEANs leaders also discussed setting up a security community alongside the economic one, though without any formal armed forces alliance..During the same meeting, the Peoples Republic of China and ASEAN have also agreed to bailiwick faster toward a mutual trade agreement, which will create the worlds most populous market, with 1.7 billion consumers. Japan also signed an agreement pledging to reduce tariff and non-tariffbarriers with ASEAN members..On the 11th ASEAN summit last 1214 celestial latitude 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Seven main issues were discussed during the Summit. The issues are1.the spread of bird flu2.southern Thailand conflict3.democracy in Myanmar4.crude oil prices fluctuation and poverty5.investment and trade6.ASEAN CharterImmediately after the summit ended, the in augural East Asia Summit was held. The 12th ASEAN Summit was originally set to be hosted on Cebu island in the Philippines from December 10 to 14. However on December 8, organisers decided to move the summit schedule to 1215 January 2007 due to Typhoon Seniang. Cebu Metropolitan Area (composed of Cebu City, Mandaue City, Talisay City, and Lapu-Lapu City) jointly hosted varied events of the summit. The actual conference was held at the Cebu internationalistic Convention Centre in Mandaue City while the Shangri-La Mactan Island Resort & Spa in Lapu-Lapu City provided accommodations for delegates and venues for smaller meetings. At the 12th ASEAN Summit, the member countries of ASEAN signed five agreements pertaining to continuing integration of ASEAN and enhancing political, economic and social cooperation in the region6 Cebu settlement Towards a Caring and Sharing Community.Cebu Declaration on the purpose for the ASEAN Charter.Cebu Declaration on the Acceleration of the Establishm ent of an ASEAN Community by 2015. ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers. ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism.The 13th ASEAN Summit was held from 1822 November 2007, in Singapore. The theme was One ASEAN at the Heart of Dynamic Asia. The key theme of the discussions was set to be on Energy, Environment, Climate alteration and Sustainable Development. In line with the theme, the ASEAN Leaders Declaration on Environmental Sustainability was signed at the 13th ASEAN Summit and a proposal to work on a Singapore Declaration on the Environment was issued at the 3rd East Asia SummitThe leaders had endorsed the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint which go forth help chart concrete targets for establishing a single market and production base in the ASEAN region by 2015.The summit marking the 30th day of remembrance of ASEAN-EU ties was held on November 22. Other documents that had be negotiated and signedASEAN Mutual Recognition Agreement on Ar chitectural Services. ASEAN Framework Arrangement for the Mutual Recognition of Surveying Qualifications. communications protocol to Implement the Sixth Package of Commitments under the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services. Agreements on trade and areas of cooperation with ASEAN Dialogue Partners. The 15th Asean Summit was held from 2325 October 2009 in Hua Hin, Cha Am, Thailand.7 It involved the Leaders from Asean league of Nations together with their dialogue partners from Peoples Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand. A flurry of meetings among Asian leaders on the last day raised the possibility of forging a regional free trade pact, which is likely to be raised at the Asia peaceable Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in November 2009. The 16th ASEAN Summit held in Ha Noi, Vietnam 9 April 2010 Towards the Asean Community from Vision to Action. The 17th ASEAN Summit in October 2010 in Vietnam Ha Noi.Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono did not attend the opening ceremony of the Summit this afternoon. He had to cut short his trip and returned home to oversee the rescue operation in the disaster-stricken area, after arriving here on Tuesday for a state visit prior to attending the Summit. The 18th ASEAN Summit in Jakarta capital of Indonesia.The nineteenth ASEAN Summit in Bali, Indonesia at November 2011.14th ASEAN Summit and ProtestsThe 14th ASEAN summit was held from February 26 to 1 March 2009 in Hua Hin, Thailand. It was originally scheduled for December 2008, alone was postponed due to the political crisis in Thailand. At the summit, the ASEAN leaders signed the Cha-am Hua Hin Declaration on the Roadmap for an ASEAN Community and adopted various other documents, including the ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint.15 The ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area was established.16 It is one of Asias largest trade arrangements and covers trade in goods, i nvestment and services, financial services, telecommunications, electronic commerce and intellectual property.17 The summit was reconvened in Pattaya, Thailand on 10 April 2009. This second part of the summit was to consist of various meetings between the ASEAN members and one or more non-ASEAN countries from 1012 April. However, itwas aborted on 11 April when hundreds of protesters forced their way past security forces into the venue.18 Many of the visiting leaders had to be evacuated from the venue by helicopter to a nearby military airbase, although none were injured. The protests were part of the 20082009 Thai political crisis and were not believed to be directed at ASEAN leaders but rather at Thailands government.19 CHINAa signed a trade deal with ASEAN.20At the same time, Australia and New Zealand started the negotiation for a free trade deal with ASEAN. The aim of the negotiation is to significantly reduce trade barriers by 2016.2122

Monday, May 20, 2019

Direct Marketing-Facebook Essay

1a) Facebook generates a r notwithstandingue of 2 billion dollars a year, yes it is free for user to join but that is where they generate on that point money from. With e re all in allywhere 750 million active users Facebook make the majority of their money through advertising. The ads that appear on the right border of the screen. They gather all the information safe about you and accordingly they let the advertisement that they come back you would be interested in appear for you on the screen, more like a tailor-made advertisement. another(prenominal) way of making money is switching information on users the same way of Google, Google has planned to sell their information but Facebook did not.b) some of the very important features on social networking are User-centric interface for lawsuit Facebooks front page is exemplary for an egocentric user interface. It provides detailed information about updates and notifications of a user and also provides a one-click-interface that makes it easy to update the current status, hide information provided by friends and it updates you about battalion a user may know or groups or conversations that the user may be interested in.Real time updates, One of the reasons why micro-blogging services have managed to take off over the last years, was their ability to bring the new, real-time dimension to the social interaction on the Web. Different from endorsement messaging where users were mostly focused on the two-way-conversations, Twitter & Co. delivered many-ways-conversations to the Web. Simple and Usable Forms, Web forms are likely the most important design element for social media and networking sites. Forms and inputs are used in everything from sign-up to search, log-in, replying to a grade or adding some other content. Since forms are extremely important, they must be usable.2) I would defiantly harmonize to start the loyalty card in my hypermarket. One of the most revenue generating businesses is the super and hypermarkets. I wouldnt look a lot about the competition the main important thing if I do own a hyper market would be the location of my inject, unless I have a good represent like Luluor Union Coop I wouldnt open my hyper market coterminous to well known retail hyper market.Every retentiveness has its loyal nodes, the people who live close to my store will prefer to come to mine than to go somewhere far to buy there needs, people now days tend to look for the easy way, so having a loyalty card is very beneficial for me and would make my customers comfortable and think that out of what they pay they can get something back even if its minor with this loyalty card. I believe that it would be a success because every retail store has got its own loyal customers and for those I can have loyalty cards which will help in keeping them as my customers and not think of going to any of my competitors.3) it is a part of direct marketing, in-bound and out-bound whim has came up to impr ove relation charge with customer and try to help in making things easier for them. For precedent and in-bound call is when a customer calls in it can be an employee that answers call center and the customer gets the detect to ask anything he wants related to that firm can be a product that hes not prosperous with etc in this case of ADCB it is on call banking so he can ask to debit an aggregate onto another account or clear a doubt that he had etc. this would let the customer be more comfortable working with this bank and not forgetting how easy it is. Not having to go all the way to the bank branch in order to finish a transaction where you can just get it done in a call. And the better the employees of the call center are with the customers the stronger the relation ship gets between the bank and its customers.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

An Examination of Relationship Between Anxiety and Insomnia

apprehension is commonly associated with insomnia. Many search support been by with(p) in this bea. The sequels of the previous inquiry studies a lot revealed safe kindreds between disturbance and insomnia. Often, solicitude and insomnia can be frequently associated with depression. This look into training was conducted among Hunter College students in order to investigate a kindred between perplexity and insomnia. in that location were 22 students participating in the interrogation, between ages 18 and 34. Twelve of them were males and ten were females.There was a multiple-choice questionnaire, adapted from some other research studies, with four viable answers from 0 not at solely bothered to 3 awfully bothered. The obtained results fully supported the hypothesis that there is a significant positive correlation between worry and insomnia. The higher(prenominal) is fretfulness level, the higher is insomnia level. Nevertheless, the research had its own lim itations, and further modifications of a research design could be done in this area of dissect. An Examination of a Relationship Between Anxiety and Insomnia Anxiety is commonly associated with insomnia.A number of research studies in this area support the idea that insomnia and fretfulness remove common mechanisms that underlie or maintain these difficulties (Fairholme, 2012). Some studies investigate the friendship between trouble, depression and insomnia, which often co-occur at the same time (Jansson-Frojmark, 2008). However, the question to the highest degree cause-effect in this relationship between worry and insomnia still remains. In his article, Pacana (2010) stated that the anxiety disorders became the most common mental disorders in the United States.Nineteen percent of the existence yens from these afflictions every year. There are six major types of anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Phobias, Social Anxiety, panic Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Approximately one fifth of one-on-ones seek treatment for these disorders. The estimated coast of anxiety disorders in the country is virtually 50 one thousand thousand dollars in any given year. Pacan (2010) also wrote, that anxiety is a product of the central nervous systems physiological and wound up response to suspicious sense of fear or threat.Anxiety may appear even when there is no posture of actual conduct or health threats. Somemultiplication, anxiety can be so overwhelming and tire that it becomes a threat itself after a while. An Anxiety Disorder develops after the anxiety becomes severe, easy to trigger, occurs in like manner frequent, or stays for in any case long. According to Pacan (2010), an anxiety is difficult to describe or bank note. Luckily, psychologists have a number of tools for assessing a persons level of anxiety. A Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is one of the methods administered by Aaron Beck.Its a 21questio n multiple-choice questionnaire that measures an man-to-mans anxiety level. There are four possible answers for each question polish offd from 0 (NO not at all) to 3 (YES and I could barely stand it). from each one answer pictures the emotional state of an individual in the last week, expressed as common symptoms of anxiety (such as unsteadiness, wobbliness, nervousness, or difficulty in breathing, etc. ). The cumulative scores range from 0 to 63, which measure the anxiety level. The higher the score is, the more severe is the anxiety level.The higher scores indicate that an individual may have very stern and health-threating implications, like pile disturbance or more severe form of sleep deprivation insomnia. Jansson (2007) indicated that insomnia is another prevalent condition in the population of the United States and worldwide. The prevalence of insomnia ranges from nine to twelve percent in adulthood. Generally, insomnia is viewed as a persistent condition and defined as number of intertwined conditions, such as difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime, waking up too early in the morning, not getting enough sleep at darkness, etc.Individuals experiencing insomnia also complain somewhat negative daytime symptoms, like distress or impairment in social, or other vital areas of functioning. According to Bogan (2007), insomnia is associated with significant health-related consequences. The estimated healthcare coast of insomnia in the United States is approximately 14 billion dollars. People with abnormal sleep are more apparent to experience anxiety and depression and suffer other serious consequences, like drug or alcohol abuse and an increased incidence of medical and psychiatric disorders.Unfortunately, severe insomnia may cause driving-related accidents and an overall increase in mortality rate. Although there are many factors that can contribute to sleeping disturbance, one of the most known is Anxiety. Buckner (2008) stated that insomnia is c ommonly associated with anxiety, and that sleep quality impairments, such as insomnia, can constitute a significant risk factor for increment of anxiety disorders. The study used bivariate correlations to examine a relationship between social anxiety and insomnia in the undergraduate students.There was an association found between social anxiety and sleep dissatisfaction, sleep-related working(a) impairment, perception of a sleep problem to others, and distress about sleep problems. Jansson-Frojmark (2008) conducted research study about bidirectional relationship between anxiety and depression and insomnia. The revealed results indicate that anxiety and insomnia are significantly inter-correlated. The study used bidirectional correlation to demonstrate the relationship between anxiety and depression separately, and then their relationship with insomnia, using a prospective design in the general population.Although the research showed the bidirectional interrelationship between anx iety, depression and insomnia, the question about cause-effect relationship, where anxiety and depression influence insomnia, or vise versa, still remains. In 2012, Fairhome conducted research study about emotional disorders, insomnia, and common factors that underlie or maintain these difficulties. The results supported a hypothesis that common mechanisms are involved for emotional disorders and insomnia. One of the factors that may explain these mechanisms is anxiety sensitivity (AS).AS might function as a mechanism for the maintenance of sleep deprivation in order of anxiety and mood disorders. Anxiety sensitivity is a fear of anxiety-related sensations, which has been theorized as a polygenic risk factor involved in development and maintenance of emotional disorders. For instance, an individual can conceive that racing heart will cause a heart attack or that temporal issue of a sense of reality will transform into insanity. That is, an individuals faulty beliefs of the danger of emotional disorders or sleep disturbance may increase sensible symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, or both.The calculate of this research study is to examine the relationship between anxiety and insomnia among college students. It was hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between anxiety and insomnia, that the higher is an anxiety level the higher is an insomnia level. Method Participants A convenience sample of Hunter College students was used. There were 22 histrions (N = 22) voluntarily participating in the research study, from the ages of 18 to 34 age old, with an mediocre age of 21 (SD = 3. 28). There were twelve males (54. 5%) and ten females (45. %) of contrasting demographic backgrounds, living mostly in the city of Manhattan or the other four boroughs of New York City. all told of the instrumentalists were randomly selected and were proposed to participate in the research. Materials A questionnaire form was used to collect the data (See Appendix). Twenty questions about anxiety were adapted from Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck, 1988), and 20 questions about insomnia were adapted from Pittsburg Insomnia Rating Scale (PIRS) administered by Moul, D. E. and other researchers in their preliminary study of the test-retest reliability and concurrent validities of the PIRS in 2002.There are 66 questions (For example, Consider the quality of your sleep in the last week Difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime) multiple-choice questionnaire with four possible answers for each question (For example 0 Not at all bothered 1 Slightly bothered 2 Moderately bothered 3 Severely bothered) (Moul, 2002). The staged response options for the questions were adapted from PIRS (Moul, 2002). For the answers for each of 40 questions the Likert scale was used from zero to cardinal (0 Not at all bothered, 1 Slightly bothered, 2 Moderately bothered, 3 Severely bothered).I went to the third stem of the Hunter College (695 Park Ave building), du ring the fall 2012 semester and started asking passing by students to participate in my research. Each participant received a consent form and a self-report questionnaire. They were asked to withdraw in questionnaire about factors that influence great sleep patterns. The participants were told to finish all 40 questions by filling in the numbers that best corresponded to their feeling about each item. After the data was lay in, the cumulative scores for anxiety and insomnia were counted for each participant, and the data were collected in an excel file.Then the SPSS program was run in order to organize and interpret the in the buff data. Results A total number of 22 participants (N = 22, SD = 3. 28) participated in the research. Ten of them were females (45. 5%) and twelve were males (54. 5%), with an average age of 21 (36. 4%), a variance of 10. 7, and a range of 16. The youngest participant was 18 years old, and the eldest was 34 years old (See Table 1). The mean anxiety scor e was 15. 95 (SD = 10. 55), with a range of 40. A mean score for insomnia was 24. 27 (SD = 15. 63), with a range of 54. The marginal scores for anxiety and insomnia were zero and five, and the maximum scores were 40 and 59.To determine whether there was a significant positive correlation between anxiety and insomnia, the Pearsons Correlation test was conducted. There was a significant correlation obtained for anxiety and insomnia, r (22) = . 74, p . 01 (See Table 2). Discussion The obtained results fully support the hypothesis that there is a relationship between anxiety and insomnia. The results indicate that the relationship between anxiety and insomnia is strong and positive (See Figure 1), nub that anxiety and insomnia levels change in the same direction.For instance, when the anxiety level goes up, the insomnia level goes up too. Generally speaking, the association between anxiety and insomnia indicates that individuals who are susceptible to stress and other emotional dist urbances are more likely to experience sleep deprivation at normal sleep time hours. Individuals who suffer from bad night sleep are more likely to feel anxious the next day. In this research the minimum score of zero for anxiety (See Table 1) indicates that at least one participant did not fill in any number other than zero within the anxiety questions in the questionnaire.However, the minimum score of five within the insomnia questions means that all of the participants experienced insomnia at the time of conducting research. All of that could probably have different explanation for students insomnia. It could be caused by something other than anxiety, like a physical problem, or loud neighborhood, etc. The student could simply not be honest about his or her anxiety, filling in zeros for every anxiety question.The results that were obtained in this research study are very confusable to the results from previous research studies about anxiety and insomnia relationships, which were mentioned above (Buckner, J. D. , 2008, Fairhokme, C. P. , 2012, Jansson-Frojmark, M. , 2008, and Jansson, M. , 2007). In the Fairholme (2012) research it was discussed that individuals with anxiety sensitivity have a fear that their sleeping problems are related to some kind of health problem, which can repair the individuals even more anxious and more likely to acquire serious disorders, like chronic insomnia.In this case a situation becomes a vicious circle. An individual gets more anxious because cannot sleep advantageously at night, and he or she gets problems with falling asleep because he or she is too anxious about whole situation. It is possible that some of the students from our research have AS, which affected their good sleep patterns. This research results do not show any evidence for cause-effect relationship between anxiety and insomnia, though. It is hard to assert whether anxiety causes insomnia, or the other way around, or whether anxiety and insomnia cause eac h other.It is hard to draw serious conclusions about what actually caused insomnia and anxiety in the ob armed serviced students in this research study. It is also hard to say if participants had anxiety, or depression, or both due to the lack of possibility to differentiate anxiety from depression in this research. Sometimes anxiety and depression have the same symptoms, and that could have resulted in some errors in the questionnaire in this research. In the Jansson-Frojmark (2008) research study it was stated that relationship between anxiety and depression and insomnia is inter-correlated.Moreover, it was said that these three factors could simply co-occur in some cases. For example, an individual suffers from anxiety, which makes him or her experience insomnia, and whole that situation makes an individual be depressed. In this study, the combination of anxiety, depression and insomnia could be present conditions for some or for all of the participants. Although we cannot vener ate a cause-effect relationship between anxiety and insomnia, it is essential to say that sleep quality impairments can serve as a significant factor for anxiety disorders development or vice versa.According to Buckner research study (2008) individuals with history of insomnia are at greater risk for the later emergence of an anxiety disorder. When an individual had bad night sleep, he or she can feel weak, disorganized, tired, or simply he or she can feel moody or even mad. If the individual experiences the same problems over and over over again for a long-term period, he or she can develop a fear from experiencing problems with sleep. For example, I am so afraid I will not be able to fall asleep this evening again, and that makes me so anxious. After a while, that fear of insomnia can be transformed into an anxiety disorder. In this research a maximum score for insomnia is 59, comparing to anxiety maximum score of 40 can indicate that on average insomnia occurs in bigger degree than anxiety in these participants. That could possibly mean that insomnia in the participants was associated with factors other than anxiety during the time of conducting the study. For example, a participant has a snoring roommate, or there is look outside making an annoying noise early in the morning.In this case, without talking to each participant individually, it is impossible to conclude what was a real reason for the sleep disturbance, and for how long a participant has been experiencing it. There are few possible limitations of this research study, like a small size of a sample, unique(predicate) population Hunter College students, and lack of access to information about participants. The convenient sample size is not quiet enough for generalizing the obtained results. Twenty-two participants cannot fully reflect the real situation regarding relationship between anxiety and insomnia.Small sample in this research could lead to getting a Type I error, the obtained result i s probably not significant as we think it is. Perhaps, most of the participants were interested in the research beneficial because they did have both problems anxiety and insomnia presented in their lives at a moment of conducting the research study. Moreover, any college students often have anxiety and insomnia occurring in the end of the semester (the research study was conducted in the end of the semester of fall, 2012).Conceivably, students were getting through the tests and exams at this particular time, and all that could cause anxiety and insomnia during a short-term period. Another reason to be concerned about a validity of the results is that we do not know enough information about the participants, like if they have anxiety or insomnia occurred earlier, and how many times before. Some of the participants could simply be taking some medications, which were prescribed to prevent or trigger the emergence of anxiety and insomnia. Despite these limitations, this research stu dy contributes to the succeeding(a) revenue of anxiety and insomnia research studies.For the future work in this area, it would be interesting to carry some questions about depression to questionnaire, and ask more details about participants life events and possible stressors. Gender differences may also play a substantial role in this research study. Females are more likely to experience emotional disruptions than males. For instance, according to Bogan (2007) young women are especially vulnerable to insomnia and it seems to increase with age by 20% 50%. Men experience insomnia 1. 4 1. 7 times less than women. It is essential to make a gender type as an independent variable for the future research design.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

My Salon Observation

I did my salon observation at Faith Beauty Salon. This is a salon I visited time after time to have go done to my hair, and never before taken an in-depth look at the surroundings. The front of the salon was just average, as the appearance didnt give an inviting feeling. thither were pictures of hair styles and products on the exterior, but they were hidden behind grills.My get-go day of observation was on a slow day, as the customers were few. I noticed that the salon was untidy, and dirty. The workers sit down and discussed personal business rather than taking the opportunity to tidy up the salon (fig. 2). There were drinks bottles on the hair station, and shoes and a bucket on the floor (fig. 2). Tools werent enthrone off properly, when not in use, e.g. blowdryer on hairstation (see fig. 2). There didnt seem to be proper storage for workers to put their handbags, as they were being unploughed on the hair station (fig. 3).The shampoo area was quite small, and this was in any case were the garbage was being stored (fig. 4). Used towels were left on the shampoo basin (fig. 4). The microwave for heating luncheon is kept right over the garbage bin in the shampoo area (fig. 4). The nails area was kept fairly neat and tidy by the nail technician (fig. 5). This may be due to the fact that this is the totally rented station in the salon.There was quite a lot of selling going on in the salon, but nearly all the items being sold were not pertaining to hairdressing. E.g. there were large displays of handbags (fig. 6). There was likewise a showcase with slippers, and bath & body products for sale (fig. 2). The salon carried only one line of haircare products for retailing, in a very small quantity (fig.7).Overall the salon seem to be absent in areas of sanitization, proper storage, image (e.g. attractiveness), and professionalism. It felt very much like a boutique, rather than a salon.

Friday, May 17, 2019

How Music Reflects Society

During the baroque menses, music had certain characteristics that are specific to the time period. For warning, Contrast is an authoritative characteristic in a baroque drama. The differences between loud and soft, solo and ensemble, different instruments and timbres all nobble an important role in many baroque compositions. In previous musical eras, a pluck of music tended to consist of a single melody, perhaps with several melodies played simultaneously. Not until the baroque period did the concept of melody and harmony truly begin to be used in music.The practice of bass voice continuo also came into the focus of music during the baroque. The harpsichord was a in truth prominent instrument in the music during the baroque, and was featured in many of the pieces. Opera was a new creation during the baroque, and many composers began to write opera pieces. An opera is a drama that is primarily sung, accompanied by instruments, and presended on stage. Operas typically alternative between recitative, speech-like song that advances the plot, and arias, songs in which characters express feelings at particular points in the action.Choruses and dances are also oft included. Many of the operas are based on Greek mythology, and many are religious. Many of the most notable baroque compositions were performed in churches for a service, or as part of a private concert or celebration in the home of a wealthy patron. During the course of the baroque, however, public performances became more common, particularly in the genres of opera and oratorio. John Sebastian Bach was wholeness of the baroques most famous composers. He was born(p) in Eisenach, Germany, into a family of working musicians.In 1695, when he was just nine years old, his parents died and he was sent to live with his brformer(a), Johann Christoph, an organist. While the lived with his brother he learned to play the keyboard and studied composition on his own. Bachs ardor is baroque, characterized by a lot of notes, simple motoric rhythms, and steady shifts of underlying harmony, he music was described by some people as sewing-machine music. But he explored harmony much more deeply than other composers of the time compared to say Handel or Vivaldi, Bachs music can contain extraordinarily jazzy chords and will jump despatch to many different harmonic areas.Bachs song Jesus bleibet meine Freude is a perfect example of the music of the baroque era. It features the basso continuo much like many of the other pieces of the baroque. It has a very light feel to it, which was popular of the music during the baroque. Also, a choir, much like a church choir, sings it. The run is steady, and the contrast of loud and soft is noticed in this piece. The notes go from low, to high, back to low. Strings are the preponderant instrument in this song, and there is not much to the actual music other than voice and one instrument, the violin.

Thursday, May 16, 2019

Maersk Group (Maersk) Human Resource Development

Introduction My 48 min exam project is a typeface study of A. P. Moller Maersk Group (Maersk) the bearing of my assignment is to elaborate on Maersks endowment heed challenge, foc make affair ofd on information. Furtherto a considerableer extent I will describe the worldly concern of Maersk learnedness and competence ontogeny and provide alternative angles of conducting in this cosmos, in congruity with my own military position. My ontological standpoint for this exam is constructivism (Olsen & Pedersen, 2005). The reality perceived is whence not bearing but created, or constructed, by mans interpretation.This does not signify that I will avoid handling theories that be ontological objectivistic in order to discuss and compliment the various instruction and competence culture challenges of Maersk but sort of discuss the objective views and theories, and its contrasts to my standpoint. Organizational Change at Maersk Maersk move over amplifyed from a really s tandardized, family tally company with certain and specific ways of running things to a worldwide organization that have had to dislodge in order to keep up with the time and trends.The major change in Maersk way of relations with their learning and competence tuition occurred in 2008 Maersk had before 2008 a very objective approach to learning which were aimed towards trainees (Case, paginate 7). In 2008 the People Strategy Sessions (PSS) is created and a shift towards a more single(a) phylogenesis service has begun. PSS is developed to identify individuals, primarily in top management federal agencys, that have a demand for learning and competence development. These individuals is identified via Key Performance Indicator (KPIs) instruction and competency developmentHolt Larsen defines competence as a result of a learning cognitive operation (Holt Larsen, 2010). Competence development is thereof the learning process where the Maersk employees know-how and skills are im proved where the employee becomes good at what is required, and not just really good, this is what Holt Larsen believes falls under qualifications (Holt Larsen, 2010). Competence development thence results in the employees familiarity, within a specific area of expertise, growing deeper and more elaborate.This knowledge is then transferred into titleions, the employees ability to use his or hers knowledge in concrete and unknown situations is therefore an indication on whether or not the employee is competent, hence good at what is required. Holt Larsen elaborates on this by stating that an employee send packing be qualified to do his trading, but if the attained knowledge cannot be transferred into action referable to, for good example the company culture, what the employees are allowed or what the employees experience allow him to have the courage to do.Then the employee can be defined as incompetent, since the assignment is not completed (Holt Larsen, 2010). Holt Larsen me ntions three learning barriers (company culture, rules and confidence) that affect some employees ability to complete their assignment in tasks where their competences fall oblivious. When an employee began his or her career in Maersk, they would possess clod competencies (Ellstrom & Kock, 2008) in the form of, for example, a high school or a college microscope stage (Case, page 8).Maersks old way of providing learning and competence development to their employees can through my perspective be seen as a very universal, or objective, way of providing competence development. The standardized development programs were, in Maersks defence, designed for employees who did not possess competencies that exceeded the formal kind. The Maersk learning and competence development strategies that came after 2008 were also designed to imply experienced individuals (Case, Page 7) who already possessed actual competencies.An example, based on the theory, of an employees actual competence develop ment (Ellstrom & Kock, 2008) could be a result of job rotation in the form of assignments in various unlike Maersk departments. Furthermore internal ratings, on the job cultivation informal learning in roleplay and mentoring by superiors (Ellstrom & Kock, 2008) would be best(predicate) to Maersk. The latter mentioned experiences can be seen as a way of exploitation the Maersk employees competences (Wahlgreen, 2002).Which one of the latter mentioned experiences that works best, is according to my standpoing depending on the individual employee that it is applied on this correlates with the Maersk initiative genius intimacy, where the managers were encouraged to acquire the knowledge on how each of their individual employees learns best (Case, Page 10) In order to understand the terms learning and competence, one has to understand the similarities and contrasts amid them. According to Hermann learning is a process were competencies is enabled. Learning is consequently he most valuable part of the competence development process (Hermann, 2003). In the case of talent intimacy Maersk is therefore able to archive competence development by the managers acting on behalf of Maersk, to learn about the individual employees hence, the organization is learning. The latter correlates with Argyris & Scons theory of Organizational Learning (Argyris & Scons, 1996) the talent intimacy process encouraged the managers to act as agents (Argyris & Scons, 1996) which enabled Maersk to learn as an comprised entity, containing individuals.This can be seen as a shift away from the more objective way of evaluating and developing the employees that Maersk made use of before 2008, and is very much aligned with my standpoint. The learning is therefore facilitated vertically by means of the natural way that Maersk observes its employees. In contrast, Maersk has developed an amplifyd focus on KPIs when evaluating their employees. This objective way may immobilise learning and the division of knowledge to spread horizontally throughout the organization. They KPIs of Maersk is linked to a reward corpse according to Elkj? (2005) it can hinder a productive organizational learning, if the behaviour in the organization influenced by defensive communication forms (Elkj? r, 2005, Page 41). The managers can perceive that they have something to lose by sharing knowledge horizontally in the organization, if sharing could have a negative consequence on their own KPIs, or a positive influence on the KPIs on they co-workers/competitors. Elkj? r elaborates win/loss behaviour draws wariness away from finding and correcting errors. And instead moves the attention towards the individuals protection of themselves (Elkj? r, 2005, Page 42).This problem can be worsen or alleviated by host size (Laezear & Gibbs, 2009), individual causeance evaluation will have a tendency to distort the incentives of the individuals and therefore create fewer incentives for the Maersk employe es to cooperate with their co-workers (Laezear & Gibbs, 2009). Regrettably measuring group or business units mental process increases the risk and decreases the controllability of the measurement. This learning process at Maersk, it seems, is all facilitated or hindered by the New HR processes depending whether the processes subjective or objective.On the basis of this it would therefore be prudent for Maersk to use different angles, dimensions and parameters when identifying, evaluating and categorizing their employees, with the purpose of learning and competence development What should Maersk do with their high- and low performing employees? Concerning identifying, evaluating and categorizing Since the development plans of the Maersk employees is based on evaluation and categorizing, it is relevant to look into various theory and ways of doing just that.Employees are often divided into top performers and poor performers, or A- and B employees (Naqvi, 2009). In the Case of Maer sk the employees are reason as High Performers, Successful and Less Successful (Case, Page 6). According to Naqvi (2009) employees should not nevertheless if be retained, but also nurtured for elevated responsibilities. Correspondingly, the mass of B employees should continuously be developed and trained for give performance, making optimum use if the employees competencies (Naqvi, 2009).The theory of Naqvi therefore corresponds with the process created by Maersk to analyse which exceeders that underperform and therefore is in need of learning and competence development (Case, page 9 and 10). According to Stevens (2008) it is important to identify the skills that distinguish top- and poor performers from each other. By doing so it will become possible to blend in an accurate job match with the serious people getting the right jobs, to advance in age planning, to provide a high level of job satisfaction and to accurately identify training- and competency development needs.The objective perspective where talent is objectified as a size that can be measured, grouped and categorized, is very similar to the model, talent management as decease overlyl (Schuler and Jackson, 2008).. Through this perspective talent is rock-bottom to pieces of a puzzle, where it is up to the management to select, measure and assemble all the pieces in a manner that set with the business strategy subjectivity is thus ignored. I will elaborate on this concept subsequently on.If the necessity to divide the employees of Maersk into groupings is inevitable due to for example, the need to ease the top managements evaluations and discussions regarding the employees or to lower evaluation costs A less simplified and popular model could be utilized (appendix 1) (Haskins and Shaffer, 2010). The 9 storage-battery grid talent matrix is a more advanced, but still a straightforward way of evaluating an organizations talent pool. The horizontal axis considers the performance while th e vertical axis considers the put outership potential. The 9 grid alent matrix is an excellent method of identifying development needs amongst the employees. In addition it promotes dialog amongst the management team and consequently provide an adequate assessment, compared to if it was one person who evaluated the employee, as well as calibrating the different managers ratings and expectations. Both Maersk evaluation approach and the 9 grid talent matrix has the advantage that they are comparatively easy to approach and rather inexpensive. The disadvantages of them is that they are very one-dimensional, in the sense that it the person being evaluated is only being evaluated by his or her superiors.A potential multidimensional evaluation approach at Maersk could be a 360 percentage point performance evaluation (Burton & Delong, 1998). In this approach the subject is being evaluated by both his superiors, co-workers, subordinates, costumers/suppliers and by himself. This evaluation system should consequently portray are more compound and adequate evaluation compared to the one-dimensioned evaluations. The 360 degree system essentially facilitates and creates individual development plans for the subject.Another advantage to the 360 degree evaluation is that it uncovers good performers that may not do well in the act of promoting themselves. Furthermore it uncovers individuals that dexterity be a little too good at promoting themselves. A general disadvantage with subjective evaluations, one-dimensional as well as multidimensional, is that they suffer from grade inflation (Laezear & Gibbs, 2009) this implies that people are reluctant to give low ratings it is therefore touchy to distinguish performance and to show the best and worst performers.The disadvantage of the 360 degree evaluation is that it is time consuming and therefore the evaluations costs are higher(prenominal), compared to the subjective ways of evaluating. This is arguable a fact that should be agreeable to Maersk to ignore, since the PSS evaluations only comprise of the top 120 positions in the company (Case) What seems obscure is that Maersk chooses to move away from the objective approach when it concerns competence development. But when choosing who to actually provide with learning and competence development they make use of something as objective as performance indicators.As one Maersk employee puts it Maersk Line is incredibly driven by objective settings and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and schemes that dictate behaviour (Case, Page 7). Concerning the high performing employees at Maersk Maersk emphasizes a great deal on performance when evaluating the individuals in the top positions of the company, but could other parameters be applied in conjunction with performance? And how should they act towards their high performing employees? It is an interesting actuality that almost all high-potential (HIPO) employees are high performers.But only approximately 29 % of high performers have the potential to follow in higher senior positions (Corporate Leadership Council, 2005). In correlation 47% of high performers is not HIPOs due to shortcomings in aspiration (Corporate Leadership Council, 2005). These low performers have the highest, 44%, probability of succeeding at the next level. In comparison high performers with shortcomings in engagement consist of 48% of the high performers who are not HIPOs, and they do only have 13% probability of succeeding at the next level.The high performers, who have shortcomings in ability, have a 0% probability of succeeding at the next level (Corporate Leadership Council, 2005). On the basis of this it would therefore be advisable for Maersk to explore the development opportunities and increase the ambition levels, amongst the high performers with short comings in aspiration. With the remaining high performers it would be advisable for Maersk to keep them motivated in their current positions.Concerning how Maersk should act regarding, improving the performance, through development, amongst the employees where it is needed Under Allen (Case) the idea for a more individualized employee training, that is applied due to low performance has been a process used by Maersk since 2008. It is a commonly expressed end and notion, that all companies will be able to enhance their operational and fiscal performance by developing and incorporating HRM practices with the aim of an increase performance (Kaufman, 2010).The Strategic HRM processes that are perceived as being able to increase the performance are described as high-performance work practices (HPWPS) (Kaufman, 2010). The HPWP entail various ways of change magnitude the employees performances as a result of providing cleanse work conditions, by means of introducing compensation incentives, by providing the employees with job training which will enable them in performing new ssignment, do better in their brisk assignments and give the em ployees a greater sense of belonging at Maersk, additionally a higher level of job flexibility, amongst other things, should help increase the employees satisfaction, motivation and decreasing the employee turnover, thus retaining them, these aspect would all lead to a higher performance and productivity. By attempting to differentiate between the different theoretical aspects and their link between the HRM processes and the organizational performance, they are separated into three perspectives (Kaufman, 2010).Pfeffers Universalistic perspective has identified seven HRM practices that will succeed in increasing performance when implemented, in all situations, due to the fact that they are universal conflict security, selective hiring of new personnel, decentralized decision making and self-managed teams, pay-for-performance, extensive training, reduced status differentials and information sharing. The universalistic perspective can be perceived as a very objective view.The truth a scertained in the factors effects are therefore according to ontological objectivity (Christensen, 2002) seen as a final, universal, unconditional and concluding truth and knowledge, which cannot be distorted by the individuals subjective way of considering the findings. Via the Configurational perspective (Kaufman, 2010) the conclave of the various practices and the impact of these is lesser simplified than with the universalistic perspective and would therefore enable the fortuity to better grasp the angle that is required in order to archive performance enhancement amongst the employees at Maersk.The concept behind the configurational perspective is that some of the practices have a synergetic link with some of the other practices which will lead to an increased performance enhancement when combined. The practices will as a result perform better if they are equally aligned in a synergetic and parallel package, which will therefore fit horizontally. Correspondingly the practice s will implement in a more optimal way if they musical accompaniment and are aligned with Maersks business strategy in a vertical fit.The concept of fit is therefore relevant from my standpoint, as opposed to the universalistic perspective it is meaningful in the case of Maersk to mention the hypnotism of the Best jib (BF) model (Kaufman, 2010). The concept of the BF model is that the optimal practices and practice combinations vary in accordance with the unique and concrete in the specific situation. The concept of BF correlates with Allens and Maersk HR idea of individualized employee training the concept of talent intimacy and consequently correlates with my standpoint. Maersk Talent management perceived as a fit toolMaersk have through their newly developed People Strategy Session (PSS), attempted to create a process that ensures getting the right people in the right jobs at the right time (Case, Page 5). The talent management (TM) in Maersk can therefore be perceived as a F it tool. According to Schuler and Jackson (2008) one of the main ways that international companies can archive and maintain a global competitive advantage is by effectively meeting the challenges in global TM, in midpoint warranting that they have the right people, with the right competencies and motivation at the right time and in the right position (Schuler and Jackson, 2008).TM used as a fit tool can therefore help Maersk to archive an optimal utilization of Maersks resources (their employees), a most advantageous productivity and a competitive advantage. According to Schuler and Jackson (2008) the concept of TM is about planning for, attaining, choosing, motivating, developing and maintaining the individuals with the right skill combinations and levels of motivation, both internally and externally, in ropiness with the strategic course of the multinational organization in a vibrant and very competitive global environment (Schuler and Jackson, 2008).TM is spoken of as a part o f the fit that transients throughout the entire corporation. TM enables the possibility to secure that the right talents are placed at the right locations and this placement of talents should be coherent with Maersks boilers suit strategy. In correlation with the latter mentioned, Maersk should therefore be seen as a puzzle or a jigsaw, where the objective is to get all the different pieces to fit ameliorately together.In order to do so, Maersk should make use of HRM processes that can measure the talents competencies, output and abilities, and subsequently find out where they fit. In Maersk the individuals were reviewed and divided based on their performance (Case). When TM is used as a process that assures that the right employee is linked to the right job, TM can be seen as a fit-facilitator. The talent is simplified into performance and objectified as a helping that has a certain and transparent internal, that can be measured and matched to a ertain job description. This ass umption is only possible if one has a perspective that assumes that competences are measurable and therefore transparent in the case of Maersk they are measured by performance. Maersk does therefore not take the intangibles or latent (Bramming, 2001) competencies into account. The latent competencies, of the individual Maersk employees, are extremely harder, more time consuming and therefore more costly to plot out. To elaborate, the intangibles (Laezear & Gibbs, 2009) are much harder to quantify.For example, the initial revenues and profit from a business unit may be high, but if the general customer satisfaction is low, it will damage the organization in the long run. A less objectivistic perspective could be that a perfect fit does not exist. No matter what position an employee is put in, he will always have shortcomings and will probably also have skills that exceeds what is required of him. The situation that demands competences that the employee does not possess will therefore drive the Maersk employee to learn (Chambers et al. , 1998) and therefore develop his or hers competencies.If a perfect fit is avoided Maersk would therefore facilitate the employees learning and developing in their positions, and at the same time the positions would develop with the employees thus the Maersk as an organization will learn and develop. Conclusion The optimal way of Maersk to act concerning learning & competence development is to provide it in a manner and at a time that the management and the individual employee perceives it as needed Either in order for the employee to expand its role or performance within its position, or when the possibility to rise to the next level occurs.It is not recommendable to provide competence development solely on the basis of unsatisfactory performance the learning and development processes may be at a risk to be seen as a punishment, rather than a privilege and opportunity. Furthermore the increased focus on individuals KPIs will inev itably create internal competition, which will consequently hinder learning, throughout the organization.Regarding identifying, evaluating and categorizing in order to decide which high ranking employees that is in need of employee training, a more complex and adequate evaluation system is recommendable. Furthermore it should not only be the bad performers that is selected for development, through the 360 degree evaluation and dialogue a development plan should be created amongst all participants The high performing employees that do not have the ability or engagement to be a high potential, should be acknowledge for being a high performer, and encouraged and motivated to stay in their role.Concerning the high performers with lack in ambition, the development possibilities and professional reasons for lack of aspiration should be explored. Concerning increasing the performance though development amongst the employees were it is needed, it is advisable to continue to focus on the in dividuals reasons, the specific situation, what drives and motivates the employee to learn and develop, and if nothing of the latter is successful, consider if the individual is the right person for Maersk.Regarding placing the right employees, in the right position at the right time some competencies might be measurable, but some are definitely not. In order for Maersk to grow, positions should not be seen as fixed or static, of course an employee has to live up to certain qualifications in order to do the work demanded by the position. Beyond that, a slight mismatch between the employee and the position will probably lead to a growth and development of the position, as well as the employee hence will Maersk learn and develop. - 1 . pilot program text forhindre produktiv organisatorisk l? ring, hvis adf? rd i organisationen er pr? get af defensive kommunikationsformer 2 . Original text En vinde/tabe-adf? rd tr? kker opm? rksomheden v? k fra at finde of rette fejl. Og flytter den i stedet hen pa individers beskyttelse af sig selv 3 . A survey of more than 11,000 employees at 59 global organizations